Minggu, 03 April 2016

Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2#

Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

Nama Kelompok :
Nia Nopita Suryani (15212301)
Wulan Vembrianingrum (17212769)

Kelas : 4EA06


Market

Market is one of a variety of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures in which businesses sell goods, services and labor for the people in exchange for money. Goods and services sold to use as legal tender fiat money. This activity is part of the economy. It is an arrangement that allows buyers and sellers to exchange items. Competition is very important in the market, and separate from the trading market. Two people may do the trade, but it takes at least three people to have a market, so there is competition on at least one of the two sides. Markets vary in size, range, geographic scale, location, type and variety of the human community, as well as the type of goods and services traded. Some examples include local farmers if market held in the town square or parking lots, shopping centers and shopping malls, international currency and commodity markets, the law creating such a market for pollution permits, and illegal markets like the market for illicit drugs.

In mainstream economics, the concept of the market is any structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services and information. Exchange of goods or services for money is a transaction. Market participants consist of all buyers and sellers are both affecting its price. This influence is a major study of economics and has spawned several theories and models of basic market forces of supply and demand. There are two roles in the market, buyers and sellers. Markets facilitate trade and allow the distribution and allocation of resources in the community. Markets allow all items to be evaluated and traded prices. An emerging market is more or less spontaneous or deliberately constructed by human interaction to allow the exchange of rights (ownership) services and goods.

Coordinating Conjunction

Market is one of a variety of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures in which businesses sell goods, services and labor for the people in exchange for money. Goods and services sold to use as legal tender fiat money. This activity is part of the economy. It is an arrangement that allows buyers and sellers to exchange items. Competition is very important in the market, and separate from the trading market. Two people may do the trade, but it takes at least three people to have a market, so there is competition on at least one of the two sides. Markets vary in size, range, geographic scale, location, type and variety of the human community, as well as the type of goods and services traded. Some examples include local farmers if market held in the town square or parking lots, shopping centers and shopping malls, international currency and commodity markets, the law creating such a market for pollution permits, and illegal markets like the market for illicit drugs.

In mainstream economics, the concept of the market is any structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services and information. Exchange of goods or services for money is a transaction. Market participants consist of all buyers and sellers are both affecting its price. This influence is a major study of economics and has spawned several theories and models of basic market forces of supply and demand. There are two roles in the market, buyers and sellers. Markets facilitate trade and allow the distribution and allocation of resources in the community. Markets allow all items to be evaluated and traded prices. An emerging market is more or less spontaneous or deliberately constructed by human interaction to allow the exchange of rights (ownership) services and goods.

Subordinating Conjunction

Market is one of a variety of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures in which businesses sell goods, services and labor for the people in exchange for money. Goods and services sold to use as legal tender fiat money. This activity is part of the economy. It is an arrangement that allows buyers and sellers to exchange items. Competition is very important in the market, and separate from the trading market. Two people may do the trade, but it takes at least three people to have a market, so there is competition on at least one of the two sides. Markets vary in size, range, geographic scale, location, type and variety of the human community, as well as the type of goods and services traded. Some examples include local farmers if market held in the town square or parking lots, shopping centers and shopping malls, international currency and commodity markets, the law creating such a market for pollution permits, and illegal markets like the market for illicit drugs.

In mainstream economics, the concept of the market is any structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services and information. Exchange of goods or services for money is a transaction. Market participants consist of all buyers and sellers are both affecting its price. This influence is a major study of economics and has spawned several theories and models of basic market forces of supply and demand. There are two roles in the market, buyers and sellers. Markets facilitate trade and allow the distribution and allocation of resources in the community. Markets allow all items to be evaluated and traded prices. An emerging market is more or less spontaneous or deliberately constructed by human interaction to allow the exchange of rights (ownership) services and goods.

Complex Sentence

Market is one of a variety of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures in which businesses sell goods, services and labor for the people in exchange for money. Goods and services sold to use as legal tender fiat money. This activity is part of the economy. It is an arrangement that allows buyers and sellers to exchange items. Competition is very important in the market, and separate from the trading market. Two people may do the trade, but it takes at least three people to have a market, so there is competition on at least one of the two sides. Markets vary in size, range, geographic scale, location, type and variety of the human community, as well as the type of goods and services traded. Some examples include local farmers if market held in the town square or parking lots, shopping centers and shopping malls, international currency and commodity markets, the law creating such a market for pollution permits, and illegal markets like the market for illicit drugs.

In mainstream economics, the concept of the market is any structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services and information. Exchange of goods or services for money is a transaction. Market participants consist of all buyers and sellers are both affecting its price. This influence is a major study of economics and has spawned several theories and models of basic market forces of supply and demand. There are two roles in the market, buyers and sellers. Markets facilitate trade and allow the distribution and allocation of resources in the community. Markets allow all items to be evaluated and traded prices. An emerging market is more or less spontaneous or deliberately constructed by human interaction to allow the exchange of rights (ownership) services and goods.

Sabtu, 28 Maret 2015

Tugas 2 Bahasa Indonesia



Tugas Softskill 2 Bahasa Indonesia
Wulan Vembrianingrum
3EA06
17212769

Teori Antrian
Antrian timbul disebabkan oleh kebutuhan akan layanan melebihi kemampuan (kapasitas) pelayanan atau fasilitas layanan, sehingga pengguna fasilitas yang tiba tidak bisa segera mendapat layanan disebabkan kesibukan layanan. Pada banyak hal, tambahan fasilitas pelayanan dapat diberikan untuk mengurangi antrian atau untuk mencegah timbulnya antrian. Antrian yang panjang sering kali kita lihat di bank saat nasabah mengantri di teller untuk melakukan transaksi, airport saat para calon penumpang melakukan check
-in, di super market saat para pembeli antri untuk melakukan pembayaran, di tempat cuci mobil : mobil antri untuk dicuci dan masih Banyak contoh lainnya.Di sektor jasa, bagi sebagian Orang antri merupakan hal yang membosankan dan sebagai akibatnya terlalu lama antri, akan menyebabkan pelanggan kabur. Hal ini merupakan kerugian bagi organisasi tersebut. Untuk mempertahankan pelanggan, sebuah organisasi selalu berusaha untuk memberikan pelayanan yang terbaik. Pelayanan yang terbaik tersebut diantaranya adalah memberikan pelayanan yang cepat sehingga pelanggan tidak dibiarkan menunggu (mengantri) terlalu lama. Namun demikian, dampak pemberian layanan ang cepat ini akan menimbulkan biaya bagi organisasi, karena harus menambah fasilitas layanan. Oleh karena itu, layanan yang cepat akan sangat membantu untuk mempertahankan pelanggan, yang dalam jangka panjang tentu saja meningkatkan keuntungan perusahaan.

A.
Sejarah Teori Antrian
Sistem antrian atau sering disebut sebagai waiting line theory diciptakan pada tahun 1909 oleh seorang matematikawan dan insinyur berkebangsaan Denmark yang bernama A.K. Erlang. Teori ini pertama kali diperkenalkan pada tahun 1913 yang dimulai dengan menggunakan konsep dan struktur system antrian sebelum mengembangkan model matematisnya.
Teori antrian dirancang untuk memperkirakan berapa banyak langganan menunggu dalam suatu garis antrian, kepanjangan garis tunggu, seberapa sibuk fasilitas pelayanan, dan apa yang terjadi bila waktu pelayanan atau pola kedatangan berubah.

B.
Tujuan Antrian
Dalam system antrian ada dua jenis biaya yang timbul, yaitu biaya karena orang mengantri, dan biaya karena menambah fasilitas layanan. Biaya yang terjadi karena orang mengantri, antara lain berupa waktu yang hilang karena menunggu. Sementara biaya menambah fasilitas layanan berupa penambahan fasilitas layanan serta gaji tenaga kerja yang memberi pelayanan.Tujuan dasar model-model antrian adalah untuk meminimumkan biaya total, yaitu

1.Biaya langsung
Biaya karena menambah fasilitas layanan serta gaji tenaga kerja yang memberi pelayanan. Contoh pembengkakan biaya akibat waktu ini adalah pekerja yang di bayar perjam dan diharuskan melayani sejumlah pelanggan, perusahaan harus membayar pekerja tersebut persatuan waktu.

2.Biaya tidak langsung
Biaya karena mengantri (biaya yang timbul karena para individu harus menunggu lama untuk dilayani sehingga mungkin membatalkan niat memakai jasa layanan tersebut. Namun perlu diingat bahwa perusahaan mungkin tidak bisa membuka fasilitas pelayanan yang besar untuk pelayanan tertentu karena investasi untuk itu terlalu besar. Di sini optimalisasi antara waktu dan biaya investasi juga perlu diperhitungkan.

C. Elemen Dasar Dalam Antrian

Model antrian memerlukan 3 jenis data, yaitu :

1 . Tingkat kedatangan rata-rata langganan untuk mendapatkan pelayanan.
2 Tingkat pelayanan rata-rata.
3 Jumlah fasilitas pelayanan

Sedangkan elemen-elemen yang membentuk sistem antrian adalah :
1 Populasi masukan (input)
Yaitu jumlah total unit yang memerlukan pelayanan dari waktu ke waktu atau disebut jumlah total langganan potensial. Input dapat berupa populasi orang, barang, komponen atau kertas kerja yang datang pada system untuk dilayani. Asumsi yang digunakan untuk input dalam antrian adalah terbatas.

2 Pola Kedatangan (distribusi kedatangan)
Arriver pattern (pola kedatangan) adalah dengan cara bagaimana individu-individu dari populasi memasuki system. Untuk pola kedatangan menggunakan asumsi distribusi probabilitas poisson, yaitu salah satu dari pola-pola kedatangan yang paling umum bila
kedatangan didistribusikan secara random. Ini terjadi karena distribusi poisson menggambarkan jumlah kedatangan per unit waktu bila sejumlah besar variable-variabel
random mempengaruhi tingkat kedatangan. Bila pola kedatangan individuindividu mengikuti suatu distribusi poisson, maka waktu antar kedatangan atau inter arriver time(waktu kedatangan setiap individu) adalah random dan mengikuti suatu distribusi exponential.

3 Disiplin antrian
Disiplin antrian menunjukkan pedoman keputusan yang digunakan untuk
menyeleksi individu-individu yang memasuki antrian untuk dilayani
terlebih dahulu.

Macam-macam disiplin antrian :

a. First come first served (FCFS)
First come first served atau First In First Out (FIFO) artinya, lebih dulu datang (sampai), lebih dulu dilayani (kelua). Misalnya, antrian pada loket pembelian tiket bioskop.

b. Shortest operating (service)-time (SOT)
Yaitu antrian yang paling sedikit akan dilayani terlebih dahulu.

c. Last come first served (LCFS)
Last come first served atau Last In First Out (LIFO) artinya, yang tiba terakhir yang lebih dulu keluar. Misalnya, sistem antrian dalam elevator untuk lantai yang sama.

d. Longest operating time (LOT)
Longest operating time (LOT) kebalikan dari Shortest operating (service)-time (SOT). Yaitu antrian yang paling banyak akan dilayani terlebih dahulu.

e. Service in random order (SIRO)
Service in random order artinya, panggilan didasarkan pada peluang secara random, tidak soal siapa yang lebih dulu tiba

f. Emergency first atau critical condition first
artinya, prioritas pelayanan diberikan kepada pelanggan yang mempunyai prioritas lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pelanggan yang mempunyai prioritas lebih rendah, meskipun yang terakhir ini kemungkinan sudah lebih dahulu tiba dalam garis tunggu. Kejadian seperti ini kemungkinan disebabkan oleh beberapa hal, misalnya seseorang yang dalam keadaan penyakit lebih berat dibanding dengan orang lain dalam suatu tempat praktek dokter.

4 Kepanjangan antrian
Kepanjangan antrian ada yang terbatas dan tidak terbatas. Asumsi untuk kepanjangan antrian ini yang akan kita gunakan adalah yang terbatas (finite). System antrian yang menampung jumlah individu-individu yang besar ini mempunyai kapasitas yang terbatas dan model antrian terbatas harus digunakan untuk manganalisa system tersebut.

5 Tingkat pelayanan
Waktu pelayanan (service time) adalah waktu yang digunakan untuk melayani individu-individu dalam suatu system. Apabila waktu palayanan mengikuti distribusi exponensial atau distribusi acak, waktu pelayanan (unit / jam) akan mengikuti distribusi poisson.

6 Keluaran (exit)
Sesudah individu selesai dilayani, maka ia akan keluar system.

D. SISTEM ANTRIAN
Sistem antrian dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi system yang berbeda-beda dimana teori antrian sering diterapkan secara luas.

1. Sistem pelayanan komersial
Contoh : restoran, cafetaria, toko-toko, salon, dll

2. Sistem pelayanan bisnis industri.
Contoh : lini produksi, system material handling, system penggudangan.

3. Sistem pelayanan transportasi
Contoh : kereta api, bis, pesawat terbang.

4. Sistem pelayanan social
Contoh : kantor tenaga kerja, kantor registrasi SIM dan STNK.



Daftar Pustaka
Herjanto, Eddy. ―Manajemen Operasi‖. Edisi ketiga.Grasindo.Jakarta.2006